1/11/2024 0 Comments Zinc transporter 8 antibody![]() 8 Over 90% of T1DM patients have one or more of these HLA genes compared to 40% of non-T1DM individuals. The main genes associated with T1DM are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3, DR3-DQ2, DR4, and DR4-DR8. 8 Further investigation is required to determine the correlation of these factors with the increased incidence in T1DM, as this topic is still controversial. Environmental factors that may impact the pathologic progression of T1DM include viruses (i.e., rubella virus) and nutrients from diet (i.e., vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, cow’s milk). Three different factors may contribute to the destruction of β cells in the pancreas and lead to insulin deficiency: environmental, genetic, and immunologic. 7 Since a T1DM patient is unable to produce insulin, an early and accurate diagnosis is crucial to properly manage the disease, avoid complications, and provide exogenous insulin replacement as a therapeutic option. 7 In the long-term, poorly managed T1DM can lead to cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. The most common complications manifest as hypo- or hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and psychiatric concerns. 5 Although T1DM diagnosis is possible at any age, it is most common in childhood (between the ages of five and seven) and around puberty.1 Furthermore, both genders are impacted by T1DM with a slight predominance in males compared to females. T1DM constitutes about 10% of all diabetes cases with an incidence rate of 15 per 100,000 people. 4 It is stated that by the time symptoms manifest, 90-95% of β cells are destroyed and a diagnosis of T1DM is probable. 1 Along with hyperglycemia, other symptoms include fatigue, nausea, stomach pain, or unintended weight loss. The classic trio of symptoms associated with the onset of T1DM include polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), and polydipsia (excessive thirst). Many theories suggest genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, or exposure to drugs and chemicals that selectively destroy pancreatic cells. 2 Aside from the autoimmune etiology, the causes of T1DM are not fully understood yet. 2 The body’s diminished ability to produce insulin causes an increase in blood glucose levels which can lead to many adverse health complications. 1 Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate the production of glucose in the bloodstream. These islets contain β cells and when destroyed, it reduces the body’s ability to produce insulin leading to hyperglycemia. ![]() Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that occurs due to destruction of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
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